Tuesday 27 November 2012

BIOGRAPHY OF SAHEED BHAGAT SINGH




SAHEED BHAGAT SINGH


Bhagat Singh is one of those martyr sons of India, with
whose blood the history of freedom fight has been written,
whose sacrifices agitated most the Indian minds, whose shrewd
politics put the British imperialists in great difficulties, and of
whom Mother India is proud.
Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September, 1907 in village
Banga (now in Pakistan) in district Layalpur, Punjab. Bhagat
Singh’s father Sardar Kishan Singh and his two uncles Ajit
Singh and Swarn Singh, being against the English regime were
in jail at that time. It was just a matter of chance that they were
released from the jail, on the same day, when Bhagat Singh was
born. On this happy occasion, there was extra merry making in
the family. To commemorate this occasion Bhagat Singh’s
grand mother gave him the name Bhanga wala (Bhagyawala-the
lucky) and later on, he was called by the name Bhagat Singh.
Having been born in a patriotic family Bhagat Singh inherited
patriotism as a matter of course. At the age of five years, Bhagat
Singh was admitted to the village primary school. Among his
companions he became so popular that, at times, they put him
on their shoulders and came to leave him home. Bhagat Singh
had to sit in small rooms in the school and this he did not like.
Leaving his class, he used to go in the open to roam about the
lounge to be as free as the open fields.
After completion of the primary education, he was admitted
to the D.A.V. school Lahore in 1916-17. There he came into
contact with patriotic like Lala Lajpat Rai and Sufi Amba
Prasad. In 1919, demonstrations were being held to protest
against the Rolet Act through out the country. It was during this
time that the Jalianwala Bagh Tragedy took place. Hearing this
tragedy, Bhagat Singh left Lahore and reached Amritsar. He
paid tributes to those who had died in the name of the country,
and kept in a bottle the blood soaked earth, so that he may
always remember that he had to take revenge of the dishonour
done to his motherland and its inhabitants.
He was influenced by the non-cooperation movement of
Mahatma Gandhi, and left the school in 1921. For those
students, who were affected by the non-cooperation movement,
Lala Lajpat Rai founded the National college in Lahore. Bhagat
Singh also got himself admitted in this college. In Punjab
National College, Lahore, Bhagat Singh’s patriotic feelings
were fully developed. Here, in this college, he came into contact
with revolutionaries, such as Yashpal, Bhagwaticharan, Sukh
Deva, Tirth Ram, Jhanda Singh and others. In the college, there
was also a National Drama Club. Through this club he took a
part in the dramas of patriotism,
viz. Rana Pratap, Bharat
Durdasha and Samrat Chandra Gupta.
In 1923, Bhagat Singh passed F.A. (Intermediate) The same
year, his brother, Jagat Singh, expired. There were talks of
Bhagat Singh marriage. To continue the progeny, the family
members wished to have a son and so they wanted to marry
Bhagat Singh at an early date. But for Bhagat Singh, marriage
was an impediment, as he was pledged to remove the chains of
subjugation of Mother India. To escape all this, he fled away
from the college. He reached Delhi and began to work as a
correspondent of Hindi daily ‘Arjun.’ In 1924 he met Sri
Ganesh Shanker Vidyarthi at Kanpur, the director-editor of
‘Pratap.’ There he came in the contact with Batukeshwar
Dutta and Chandra Shekhar Azad. He learnt Bangla from
Batukeshwar Dutta, and he enrolled himself as a member of the
Hindustan Republic Association. Now, Bhagat Singh was fully
involved in the revolutionary activities and the service of the
country. His meeting with Chandra Shekhar was like uniting of
two revolutionary minds or combining of the two patriotic
volcanoes, that were prepared to sacrifice themselves. It
appeared as if these two young men not only made the
revolutionary much stronger, but also they left nothing to
chance to torment the Englishmen.
Bhagat Singh organised ‘Youngmen India Association’
(Naujawan Bharat Sabha) in Lahore in 1926. This association
was not associated with any religion. Every member had to take
a pledge that he would keep the interests of the country above
the interests of his community and religion. To remove the
distinctions of Hindu-Musalman, Casteism, untouchability
and other narrow mindedness, this association did organise
joint fronts. In May 1930, this institution was declared out
lawed.
In December 1927, Ram Prasad Bismal, Ashfaqa Ulla,
Rajendra Lahiri and Roshan Singh were hanged to death in
connection with the Kakori case. Chandra Shekhar Azad did not
fall into the trap of the Englishmen. He was still at liberty.
Disturbance set in the Revolutionary Party, which was disturbing
Chandra Shekhar Azad. He, therefore, contacted Bhagat
Singh. Bhagat and Azad reorganised the party. Ammunition
was collected a new. The British government was determined to
arrest Bhagat Singh at any cost. On the day of Dashhara in
1927, they played a trick and arrested Bhagat Singh. A false
charge was levelled against him and prosecution proceedings
were started. The charges against Bhagat Singh could not be
proved and Bhagat Singh had to be released. On 8th and 9th
September 1928, a meeting of the revolutionaries was held in
the ruins of Firoz Shah on the advice of Bhagat Singh, the name
of the Hindustan Republican Association was changed to
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. In February 1928,
to examine the sections of government reforms enforced in
1928, the Simon Commission arrived at Bombay. Almost at
every place, opposition to it was expressed. On October 30th,
1928, the Simon Commission reached Lahore. A procession
under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai was proceeding peacefully.
The crowd was swelling every moment. Seeing opposition
on such a big scale Assistant Superintendent Sanders got
almost mad and he ordered a lathi charge. On Lala Lajpat Rai
many lathi blows were showered. That he was in pool of blood,
Bhagat was seeing all this with his own eyes. On 17th
November, 1928, Lalaji expired. Bhagat Singh pledged to take
revenge thereof. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
entrusted the revenge of Lalaji’s murder to Bhagat Singh, Raj
Guru Sukhdeva, Azad and Jaigopal. The revolutionaries killed
Sandars and took revenge of Lalji’s death. The killing of
Sandars made Bhagat Singh a popular leader in the whole
country. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru has described in his autobiography
this incident, thus, “Bhagat Singh became a symbol. The
murder of Sandars was forgotten. But The traces were left
behind. Within a month or so, every village of the Punjab and
most of Northern India reverberated with his name. About him,
many a song was written and thus the popularity of Bhagat
Singh was astonishing.”
To keep himself safe from the British government, Bhagat
Singh began to live in disguise, he got his hair and beard
removed, put on trousers and hat. Thus, by evading the British
government, he reached Calcutta. After spending some days in
Calcutta, he came to Agra.
In a meeting of ‘Hindustan Samajwadi Gantantra Sangh, the
‘Public Safety Bill and Disputes Bill’ were discussed. It was
resolved that as a mark of opposition to these bills Bhagat Singh
would throw a bomb in the Assembly and instructions were
given also that this should be done in such a manner as it does
no harm to any life. After this, the revolutionary would offer
himself for arrest. Bhagat Singh insisted that he would get it
done. Azad was against it. But in the end, Azad was compelled
to accept Bhagat Singh’s proposal. Batukeshwar Datt was
appointed his assistant. On 8th April, 1929, both of them
reached the Assembly on the appointed time. As the President
of the Assembly rose to take the decision on the Bill, Bhagat
Singh threw a bomb and gave the slogan. ‘Inqalab Zindabad
Samrajyavad Ka Nash Ho. Imperialism must end. Together with
this, hand bills were thrown in which the indigation of the public
was expressed. After throwing the bomb, they got themselves
arrested. After their arrest, many revolutionaries were arrested,
amongst them were also Sukhdeva, Jaigopal and Kishorilal.
Bhagat Singh knew fully well how the Englishmen would
behave with him. He did not engage a lawyer for himself. To
reach his wishes to the public, he decided to plead the case
himself. On 7th May, 1929, the drama of justice against Bhagat
Singh and Batukeshwar Datt was enacted. On 6th June, Bhagat
Singh gave his statement in his favour in which he had
expressed his ideas on freedom, imperialism and revolution etc.
and also put before the world the ideas of the revolutionaries.
On 12th June, 1929, the sessions Judge, under section 307
of Indian Penal Code, and section 3 of Explosives Act, sentenced
them to life imprisonment. Both the patriots wanted their
voice to reach the maximum number of people. They, therefore,
filed an appeal against the judgment of the sessions judge in the
High Court Lahore. Here Bhagat Singh, delivered his speech.
On 13th January, 1930, the high court honoured the judgment of
the sessions court and restored the life imprisonment.
Now the Englishmen decided to entangle Bhagat Singh and
Batukeshwar Datt in a new way. They referred their case to a
tribunal. On 5th May 1930, hearing of their case began in
Poonch House Lahore, During this period, Azad made a plan to
take Bhagat Singh out of the jail. But on 28th May Bhagwati
Charan Bohra was wounded and died while examining a bomb.
After that, the plan could not be worked out. The court
proceedings continued for about three months. On 26th August
1930, the court almost completed its Job, the court found
Bhagat Singh guilty under sections 159, 302 of Indian Penal
Code, and section 4 and 6F of Explosive Material Act and also
under section 120 of Indian Penal Code and gave sixty eight
page Judgment on 7th October, 1930, in which all three-Bhagat
Singh, Sukhadeva and Raj Guru were awarded capital punishment.
In Lahore section 144 was imposed against this judgment
an appeal was filed in the Privy Council, but on January 10,
1931, the appeal was rejected.
On rejection of the appeal, voices were raised not only in
India, but also in other countries as well many newspapers also
wrote strongly against the capital punishment of Bhagat Singh,
Rajguru and Sukhadev, so much so that same members of the
Lower House of the British Parliament opposed this cruel
punishment. On the eve of Gandhi. Irwin pact, all eyes of
members and non-members of congress were looking for
Gandhi’s help, but Gandhiji paid no heed to this matter. About
this attitude and behaviour of Gandhiji general of Azad Hind
Fauz Mohan Singh has written, “Gandhiji could have saved
Bhagat Singh from the gallows, if he had made it a point of
national prestige, the whole country was prepared for the
greatest sacrifices.”
Pistol and books were two most reliable friends of Bhagat
Singh. During his life of a capture behind the bars, his pistol
was taken away, he used to make good use of time by reading
books during the solitary confinement in the Jail. He wrote
some books, autobiography, The Door to Death, Ideal of
Socialism and the First Rising of Freedom in Punjab in the
Freedom Fight while reading books in the jail. He often danced
in ecstacy and song these lines of Ram Prasad Bismil’s song—

MERA RANG DE BASANTI CHOLA.....
The time of hanging was fixed early morning 24th March
1931, but the government out of fear, decided to hang the three
revolutionary patriots earlier in place of morning. March 23,
which was cent per cent against the rules. The superintendent of
Jail went to Bhagat Singh cell and said, “Sardar ji, it is time for
execution be ready.” That time, Bhagat Singh was busy in
reading the life of Lenin. He replied, “Please one revolutionary
is meeting the other revolutionary. And then he accompanied
the superintendent of Jail.
Rajguru and Sukhadeva were also brought to the gallows.
Bhagat Singh put his right arm in the left arm of Rajguru and
the left one in the right arm of Sukhdeva. For a moment, they
were silent, and then they sang these lines:-
DIL SE NIKLEGI NA MAR KAR BHI WATAN KI ULFAT,
MERI MEETI SE BHI KUSBHU-A-WATAN AAYEGI
and then, the three swang on the executioners nooses. The
atrocities of the British government on these patriots did not end
here. They decided to dishounour the dead bodies of the
martyrs. They cut their corpses into pieces, packed them in
sacks and took them to the banks of Sutlaj in Firozpur, stealthily
by night. Kerosen was sprinkled and the corpses were set on fire
But this news reached from Firozpur to Lahore with the speed
of whirlwind. The soldiers of the British army fled away when
they saw thousands of people coming with lighted torches. The
crowd of patriots then performed the last rites of the three dead
ones.
The news of martyrdom of Bhagat Singh and his companions
put the whole country in a sea of sorrow. The conditions in
Madras, Bombay and Calcutta became alarming. The news
papers of both India and abroad, were bitterly critical of this act
of the British government. The British administrators had
become so panicy that they used to confiscate even the photographs
of Bhagat Singh. Being impressed by the fame and name
of Bhagat Singh, Dr. Puttabhisitaramayya has written, in the
History of the Indian National Congress, “This would not be too
much to say that the name of Bhagat Singh was as popular in
India as that of Gandhiji.”
On putting Bhagat Singh and his companions, the Urdu
daily ‘Payam’ of Lahore, wrote, “India considers these three
martyrs greater than the whole of Britain. Even by killing
English men in thousands and lacs, we will not be able to
avenge the death of these martyrs. This misdeed can be avenged
only when we make India free. Then and then only the glory of
Britain can be put to dust. Those who are happy, that they
murdered them, are mistaken. They have not killed these three
patriots, they have dug their own graves. Brave Martyrs, you
are alive and you will remain alive always.
 

2 comments:

  1. Shaheed Bhagat singh is the Hero of Indian freedom struggle. He is The symbol of patriotism and great sacrifice. Buy biography books of Bhagat singh at an Online Bookstore of Shilalekhbooks.com.

    ReplyDelete

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